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Key concepts
Brain
Laterality
Handedness
Sidedness
Left/right dominance
Introduction
If you write with your right hand, you might also prefer to draw a picture, throw a ball or eat food with the same hand. But have you ever wondered if your right foot is also more dominant than your left foot? What about your right eye and ear?do you prefer to use them more than your left ones? In this activity you'll get to find out whether people have a sidedness?that is, whether they generally prefer to do most activities with one side of their body?and which side that is.
Background
Each person's brain is divided into two sides?the left and right hemispheres. In some cases, one hemisphere may be more active than the other during a certain activity. For example, when someone processes language, one hemisphere is usually more active than the other. Doing this or other activities, however, is not absolutely limited to using one hemisphere or the other, or even certain hemispheric parts. Different brain areas are important and work together for different activities, such as speech, hearing and sight. But if part of a hemisphere is damaged when a person is young, other parts of the brain can often take over doing whatever the damaged regions of the brain used to do.
What do the brain's hemispheres have to do with sidedness? When someone is processing language, one hemisphere is usually working harder than the other. There is also some correlation between the side(s) we use in our brain and the side we use on our body. This preference to use one side of the body over the other is known as sidedness, laterality or left/right dominance.
Materials
? Paper
? Pen or pencil
? A coin
? Paper towel tube or toilet paper tube
? A seashell or phone
? At least five volunteers
Preparation
? Have all of the materials ready so that you will be able to quickly test each volunteer.
? Prepare a small data table on a piece of paper to record your results. Going down the left side of the paper, write: "Hand," "Foot," "Eye" and "Ear." Going across the top of the paper, write your volunteers' names.
Procedure
? Ask your first volunteer to write their name on a piece of paper. Which hand do they write their name with? Record the result (writing either "Right" or "Left") in your data table in the row labeled "Hand," in the column under the volunteer's name.
? Place a coin on the floor directly in front of your first volunteer. Ask them to step onto the coin. Which foot is used to step on the coin? Record the result in your data table in the "Foot" row, under the volunteer's name.
? Give your first volunteer a paper towel tube or toilet paper tube and ask them to look at a distant object through it. Which eye do they use to look through the tube? Record the result in your data table in the "Eye" row, under the volunteer's name.
? Give your first volunteer a seashell or phone and ask them to listen to it. Which ear do they put the shell or phone up to? Record the result in your data table in the "Ear" column, under the volunteer's name.
? Repeat this process with at least four other volunteers. Be sure to record the results under the new volunteer's name each time.
? Are more of your volunteers right-handed or left-handed? What about right-footed versus left-footed, right-eyed versus left-eyed and right-eared versus left-eared? What side is the most common overall?
? How many people that are right-handed are also right-footed? (How about for lefties?) What about for the other possible combinations? Do you see a correlation?
? Extra: In this activity you only used one test to check for dominance in your volunteer's hands, feet, eyes and ears. Using additional tests would help you check and confirm your results. Can you think of other ways to test for sidedness using objects from around your home? Using other tests, are the results the same as the ones you got doing the original activity?
? Extra: If you collect additional data on your volunteers and test more volunteers, you can check your results and also test whether sidedness is linked to another factor. Does the trend in your results hold as you test more volunteers? Do you see a correlation between sidedness and other factors, like age, gender or being genetically related?
? Extra: Sometimes sidedness can run in families. Try to find volunteers from different families and then group your results by family. Do different families have similar or different percentages?
Source: http://rss.sciam.com/click.phdo?i=ea837f15a099286d7fb3254bbb374a2a
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There certainly aren't plenty more fish in Europe's sea. Its stocks have crashed, and imports now account for more than half the fish consumed in the European Union. Now, the EU hopes that radical reforms to its system of fishing quotas will restore fisheries by 2020. The plan is a big step forward, but experts are concerned that politicians could yet ignore scientific recommendations in implementing it.
The Common Fisheries Policy, set up in 1970, governs the European fishing industry, with annual fishing quotas for each EU member state. These are set by a gathering of ministers called the Council of the European Union.
"Almost everyone agrees it has been a complete failure," says Markus Knigge, a Belgium-based adviser to the Pew Charitable Trusts' European Marine Programme. Despite the quotas, overfishing has continued for decades, fish populations have dwindled and the industry is dependent on subsidies. "We are importing 60 per cent of our fish consumption in the EU," says Knigge.
The problem is that the Council tends to ignore scientific evidence on the state of the fisheries and then sets quotas too generously, says Callum Roberts of the University of York, UK. He has shown that, between 1987 and 2011, European fishing quotas were on average a third higher than scientific recommendations (Marine Pollution Bulletin, doi.org/bwrrgc).
The proposed reforms aim to make European fishing sustainable by 2015, and to restore stocks by 2020. That will require limiting catches to sustainable levels, allowing the fish to maintain their populations. "That is a complete paradigm shift," says Knigge.
But Roberts says the system will not be watertight. The maximum sustainable yields will not be written into law, so the Council will still be able to set quotas too high. "There is no commitment on ministers to binding targets."
Instead the annual quotas will be replaced by longer-term plans spanning several years, making it harder for ministers to push quotas up. "That's good if you stick to the plan," says Roberts. But at December's meeting, it emerged that North Sea cod was not recovering as planned. That should have meant a 20 per cent cut in the quota ? but it never happened. "Instead the ministers abandoned the recovery plan ."
Restoring fish stocks is in everyone's interest. Falling yields have made fishing unprofitable: in 2010 Roberts found that the commercial productivity of UK fisheries fell 94 per cent between 1889 and 2007 (Nature Communications, doi.org/dt8nts).
Last year the New Economics Foundation, a think tank based in London, claimed that paying fishermen not to do any fishing for 10 years would pay for itself in higher yields within five years once fishing had resumed.
It's not just about fish as a food source. Overfishing damages marine ecosystems that are beneficial to humanity, says Roberts. The sea is losing its ability to process human waste, and it may also struggle to take up carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas.
Overfishing also makes the ocean more prone to toxic algal blooms, jellyfish blooms and dead zones.
"The functionality of the marine ecosystem is at stake," Roberts says. "That in turn will impact on human welfare."
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His new book,?Fatherless, coauthored with Kurt Bruner, represents his first foray into fiction. Based on current projections and demographic trends, it tells the story of what happens to American society three decades hence when the old outnumber the young on whom they depend, when fatherlessness is epidemic, and when the traditional family structure is all but a memory. Promoted as dystopian fiction similar to 1984 or The Hunger Games, it tells the story of several characters, especially reporter Julia Davidson, who are striving to make their way in an increasingly dangerous society where clashing agendas threaten to tear the nation apart. What happens to a culture that?s forgotten what healthy family looks like?
I?m grateful to Dr. Dobson for this interview:
Lewis and Chesterton, among many others, sought to communicate Christian truths simultaneously through non-fiction and fiction works. To this point, I believe you?ve always written nonfiction works. What inspired you to write a piece of fiction? Does fiction give you an opportunity to flesh things out in a different way than you could otherwise??
I?ve always loved reading fiction, but this is my first attempt to write it and I?ve really enjoyed the process. Sometimes a compelling story can shape the imagination better than non-fiction. Abraham Lincoln said a novel called Uncle Tom?s Cabin started the Civil War. We couldn?t be more excited about the potential of this new trilogy to embody themes on which I have been writing, speaking and broadcasting for decades.
Your critics often allege that you?re too political, or have moved Christian conservatives into an overly partisan position. What about this book? Is it a political piece, a partisan cannon-blast in the culture wars? Or does it reach to something deeper?
Who would have imagined that saying marriage is between a man and a woman or that human life is sacred would get you labeled political? Part of the problem is that people wrongly equate defending righteousness in the public square with partisan politics. Fatherless is not a culture war book. It is dystopian fiction similar to Brave New World or The Hunger Games. We wanted to create a gripping story set three decades in the future when our looming demographic crisis comes to fruition. Dramatically falling fertility over the past few generations brings with it breathtaking implications for the next. What happens when the old and feeble outnumber the young and healthy? What happens when the protective, nurturing presence of a father is the exception rather than the norm? Such questions motivated this series.
Christians like ourselves who engage in the public square debate on behalf of the unborn and on behalf of the traditional family structure often say that the family is the fundamental building block of society, and warn that the disintegration of the family precedes the disintegration of society. But it sounds very abstract. Is this book an attempt to flesh out what the breakdown of the family looks like, and what consequences it might have upon our society?
That is correct. These novels don?t predict the future, they simply project the trajectory of current demographic trends. The story is set in the year 2042 when the economic pyramid flips, with too few young bearing the burden of a rapidly aging population. These trends are already creating headlines around the globe. Japan, for example, has the oldest average citizen on the planet. Last year they sold more adult diapers than baby diapers ? a trend coming fast to every developed nation in the world, including the United States. A few weeks ago the finance minister of the newly elected government said the elderly need to ?hurry up and die? because they can?t sustain the social safety net.
Bleak? You bet. Where we?re headed? The best demographers tell us it is inevitable since we can?t go back in time and make more children.
And yet presumably you?re also hoping to tell a rollicking good story. How did you make sure that the characters and the story would be compelling?
My co-author, Kurt Bruner, has extensive experience with storytelling. He led the teams at Focus on the Family creating various dramatic productions including Adventures in Odyssey and such Radio Theatre classics as Les Miserables and the entire Chronicles of Narnia series. That?s part of why I found our collaboration so enjoyable. We?ve been gratified by the feedback from readers to date who say the story grabs them from page one. One reader told us he started reading Fatherless and decided to skip watching the Super Bowl because he couldn?t stop!
Whom are you hoping to reach with this book? How are you hoping it impacts the world?
We hope to remind readers that marriage and parenthood are honorable pursuits and that the natural family retains a resilient beauty and importance nothing can replace. We need to support those willing to make the sacrifices required to raise up a new generation of kids rather than making it more difficult for them to do so. We need to thank women who choose to bear and nurture children and honor men who model the heroic self-sacrifice of loving fatherhood. We need to do what once came naturally and remember what everyone understood: that the family is vital to the health and stability of the future. In short, we need to move from a fatherless world to a world filled with ?bright spots? called mom, dad, sister, brother, grandma and grandpa!
Can you give us a glimpse of what?s coming in later installments?
The second book, Childless, will release later this year. The third, Godless, comes out in early 2014. Each storyline builds on the previous theme with an entertaining mix of political intrigue, spiritual warfare, futuristic speculation and educated conjecture about the kind of world our children will face. Kurt Bruner and I believe a happy home is the highest expression of God?s image on earth. There are forces that want to destroy that image, not all of them visible to human eyes. But the good news, as these novels show, is that the natural family retains a resilient beauty the most ardent forces of hell cannot destroy.
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